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Research Article
Determination of As, Hg, Pb and Zr in Pyrotechnic Compositions by ICP-OES
Yang Lin,
Chen Jie*,
Zeng Xu,
Zhu Yuping
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
48-52
Received:
4 June 2025
Accepted:
20 June 2025
Published:
18 July 2025
Abstract: Fireworks produce spectacular visual effects through the combustion and explosion of pyrotechnic compositions, which are made up of oxidizers, fuels, colorants and binders. To improve safety and environmental protection, the Chinese national standard GB 10631-2013 prohibits the use of arsenic, mercury compounds and zirconium powder in pyrotechnic compositions of all firework products, and lead compounds in specific categories. Currently, the testing methods in GB/T 21242 are qualitative and often suffer from matrix interference. This study aims to establish an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method for the rapid and accurate quantitative detection of prohibited components in pyrotechnic compositions, as the application of ICP-OES in fireworks quality control has not been explored previously. The research successfully developed an ICP-OES method. Analytical-grade reagents and standard solutions were used, and the ICP-OES operating conditions were optimized. Specific analytical lines (As 189.042 nm, Hg 194.227 nm, Pb 220.353 nm, Zr 343.823 nm) were selected to avoid interference. Different sample preparation methods were applied to effect charge and bursting charge. The calibration curves showed good linearity (correlation coefficients ≥ 0.9990), with low detection limits (0.013-0.031 μg/mL). Interference analysis confirmed negligible inter-element and matrix interference. Precision tests showed relative standard deviations of 1.64% -2.71%, and accuracy tests had recovery rates of 98.5% -101%. The established ICP-OES method enables the simultaneous determination of arsenic, lead, mercury, and zirconium in pretreated pyrotechnic compositions. With its simplicity, rapidity, low detection limits, and high precision and accuracy, this method provides a reliable approach for the quantitative analysis of prohibited components in fireworks, contributing to the quality control of fireworks products.
Abstract: Fireworks produce spectacular visual effects through the combustion and explosion of pyrotechnic compositions, which are made up of oxidizers, fuels, colorants and binders. To improve safety and environmental protection, the Chinese national standard GB 10631-2013 prohibits the use of arsenic, mercury compounds and zirconium powder in pyrotechnic c...
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Research Article
Green Synthesis of Magnetite: Characterization and Comparison with Conventional Chemical Methods
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
53-63
Received:
17 June 2025
Accepted:
2 July 2025
Published:
23 July 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.mc.20251303.12
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: Iron oxide nanomaterials have gained scientific focus for environmental remediation. This study aimed to compare the structural properties of magnetite using chemical and green synthesis methods, applying XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, TGA, DLS, and zeta potential characterization techniques. The XRD analysis showed that the average particle size of chemical and green-synthesized magnetite was 11nm and 8.4nm, respectively. FT-IR analysis of green-synthesized magnetite showed the shifting of stretching vibration of C=O and C-O in green-synthesized magnetite from 1646 cm-¹ to 1644 cm-1 and 1052 cm-1 to 1065 cm-1 after capping with leaf extract SEM images of green-synthesized magnetite was found to have some extent of aggregation due to the capping and stabilizing action of (e.g., polyphenols, flavonoids), present in leaf extract influence the nucleation and growth process during synthesis. The bio-organic matrix likely leads to steric hindrance and variation in crystal growth, resulting in less-defined shapes and reduced aggregation compactness. The EDS spectrum of green synthesized confirmed the existence of biomolecules (C). The hydrodynamic diameters were 150nm for green-synthesized and 158nm for chemically synthesized magnetite, while zeta potential was found to be -50 mV and -47 mV, respectively. This study demonstrated improved crystallinity and enhanced stability of green-synthesized magnetite compared to chemically synthesized magnetite. Therefore, the environmentally sustainable green synthesis method offers a promising alternative to the synthesis of magnetite for environmental applications.
Abstract: Iron oxide nanomaterials have gained scientific focus for environmental remediation. This study aimed to compare the structural properties of magnetite using chemical and green synthesis methods, applying XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDS, TGA, DLS, and zeta potential characterization techniques. The XRD analysis showed that the average particle size of chemica...
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Research Article
Microstructure-Dependent Functional Properties Assessments of Carbon Materials Extracted from the Carbon-Rods of Commercial Dry-Cell Primary Battery
Anant Babu Marahatta*
,
Rojina Bhomi
Issue:
Volume 13, Issue 3, September 2025
Pages:
64-82
Received:
16 July 2025
Accepted:
28 July 2025
Published:
25 August 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.mc.20251303.13
Downloads:
Views:
Abstract: In the carbon research, the spectroscopic investigations of the microstructural features & functional domains of the wide range carbons always become the frontline means for identifying their generic qualifications and applicative instincts. The continual attentions gained by them and their instrumental assessments of the structure-dependent attributes are mainly due to possessing highly heat-sensitive restructuring C-networks & transformative graphitic phase integrities. The same features lead to derive and extract the variably functional yet promisingly useable derivatives of them under the reasonably low costs and practical efforts. In this periphery, the global seeking for the predominant precursors of such type carbon materials is prevalently practiced mainly for resolving their sustainable resources scarcity. The central conductive C-rods of the commercially famed C-Zn primary battery packs released into the environment as waste battery after heavy discharging could be one of the best alternative prototype materials for them. In this research, we thoroughly examine the generic microstructural qualifications and functional domains of the carbons extracted from the C-rods of the waste C-Zn batteries (D, 1.5V, Maxell & Eveready brands) through the XRD method & its typical crystallite profiles interlinked mathematical subordinates, and assess their graphitization extents, retransformation & restructuring propensities, internal metamorphoses level, BET adsorption area, specific capacitance, etc. Alongside, the recycling, retransforming, and reusing possibilities of them are assessed. In order to take into account of all these structural assets, and to speculate their originally endorsed characteristic features retaining propensities upon heavy discharging of the battery packs, we refer the specific spectral analyses carried out to the 100% charged state battery rods-carbons. We observe that none of the XRD-descriptors deterministic to the functional properties of the waste battery derived carbons are notably worse than that determined for the non-waste battery carbons and many other biomasses & natural/non-natural graphites precursor carbon derivatives. These semiquantitative judgements implicate that the waste C-Zn battery rods-carbons are of good quality type exhibiting utmost requirements set for the exclusive functionalization of the carbonaceous materials industrially. We believe that they attract more scientific attentions in the days to come so that the natural C-masses can be sustained, & the environmental hazards caused by the direct disposals of the waste batteries are mitigated.
Abstract: In the carbon research, the spectroscopic investigations of the microstructural features & functional domains of the wide range carbons always become the frontline means for identifying their generic qualifications and applicative instincts. The continual attentions gained by them and their instrumental assessments of the structure-dependent attrib...
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